Kada se govori o svjetskoj financijskoj krizi i njezinim posljedicama na gospodarstvo, nismo još čuli da je netko spomenuo koliku u tome ima "zaslugu" i bilančni model zasnovan na US-GAAP-u i Međunarodnim računovodstvenim standardima.Bilanciranje uspjeha poslovanja poduzetnika u znatnoj mjeri temelji se na podlozi inflatornih cijena i očekivanih dobitaka zbog primjene računovodstvenog načela o preračunavanju sve imovine na fer vrijednost. S rasprsnućem balona tržišnih cijena, i u nas će doći do znatnih gubitaka koje će poduzetnici iskazati već u ovom završnom računu. Odbor IASB-a u Londonu nastoji zataškati svoje pogreške pa je učinio dopune MSFI-ja 7 i MRS-a 39, opet ulazeći iz jedne pogreške u drugu
Fer vrijednost i povijesni trošak
Razotkriva li se bilančna kozmetika
Nužnost reforme bilančnog i poreznog sustava
Koncepcija financiranja poduzeća i koncepcija bilanciranja
Kako postupiti s nižim vrijednostima imovine u godišnjem obračunu za 2008.
Autor: Dr. sc. Vlado BRKANIĆ, ovl. rač. i ovl. rev.
In the business practice it is quite common that entrepreneurs – legal and physical persons borrow money from other entrepreneurs and citizens in order to maintaintheir liquidity. In this context there are many queries such as who can give a loan, are there any amount limits, should an interest rate be contracted, what is the permitted percentage of an interest rate, what is the tax position of the contracted and default interests, is there the highest or lowest percentage of an interest rate, etc. The article provides the replies to the above stated questions.
Autor: Mr. sc. Katarina HORVAT JURJEC, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač.
The companies and cooperatives registered for agricultural activities as well as family farms – physical persons with the registered agricultural activities apply the Accounting Act upon drawing-up of their annual financial reports if they are obliged to pay an income tax. Depending on whether they are small or middle-sized companies they are obliged by the Accounting Act to apply the Croatian Financial Reporting Standards (CFRS) or the International Financial Reporting Standards. In view of the application of the CFRS since this year there have been changes regarding the recognition and estimates of the biological production in the accounting of the production carried out by small and middle-sized companies.
The sales and lease transactions is a leasing model in which a lessor sells the means to the lessee company and then takes it back as a lease. In such a way the leasing company (lessor) acquires financial assets and the leasing company (lessee) plans places its financial assets. The accounting procedures upon the sales and lease transactions depend on whether it is a financial or operational lease.This author of this article explains the model of financing through the sales and lease and the accounting procedures upon sales and the returnable financial and operational lease in the lessee’s business records.
Expenses for gifts usually emerge in the time of holidays such as Christmas. Therefore, the article deals with the tax and accounting status of such expenses. The expenses for promotion and entertainment emerge every month. However, at the end of the year they are analysed and the plans for the following year are prepared. Accordingly, specific activities which cause such expenses should be reviewed.The article deals and reviews the provisions referring to gifts, promotion and entertainment including their recording in tax reports and financial reports.
The Accounting Act and the Rulebook on structure and context of annual financial reports determines the specific annual reports which are to be prepared by the specific enterprises. Accordingly, enterprises are obliged to prepare their own chart of accounts of the ledger, the entries of which enable drawing-up of annual financial reports. Many enterprises made records according to the old chart of accounts without compliance of the structure of some data with the new requirements. This article deals with the most important positions which were altered including the instructions on how to prepare them for financial reporting.
Autor: Dr. sc. Vlado BRKANIĆ, ovl. rač. i ovl. rev.
The world financial crisis has not skipped the Croatian stock exchange market either. Although investors are losing their profit to a lesser extent than those on the large world stock exchanges, a loss is a loss. This article deals with entries of losses on securities in business records due to the fall of a share value or the loss in case of the sales of a share at the price lower than the purchase price, including the recording of the increased value of securities after recovery of stock exchange in accordance with the CFRS and IFRS. Accordingly, the changed IAS no. 39 is especially interesting since it determines the specific accounting procedures which are to be used in order to confront with the destructive impacts of the world financial crisis, including the corresponding changes of the EU Directive.
Accountants are obliged to record business events in the ledger according to the credible documents in the sequence of their emergence. The analytical records include types of assets, deadline of liabilities and nature of costs. Due to the fact that such procedures are carried out during the year the errors are unavoidable including possible changes of regulations and alike. Therefore, before drawing-up of annual financial reports it is advisable to check once again whether the business events have been presented in accordance with the accounting standards and regulations. This article provides a check-up list referring to the recorded business events.
Autori: Dr. sc. Vlado BRKANIĆ, ovl. rač. i ovl. rev. Tamara CIRKVENI, dip. oec. Mr. sc. Nada DREMEL, dipl. oec., ovl. rač. i ovl. rev. Mr. sc. Katarina HORVAT JURJEC, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač. Mr. sc. Đurđica JURIĆ, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač. Mr. sc. Šime GUZIĆ, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač. Zrinko TRCOVIĆ, dipl. oec.
At the end of each calendar year employers are obliged to draw-up the recapitulation of employees’ salary which refer to the previous calendar year, on the determined forms required by the Croatian Institute for Pension Insurance for control and verification of salaries, which will beused as the basis for payment of contributions for each employee. The recapitulations are not to be sent to the Croatian Institute for Pension Insurance but they should be prepared in the case the Institute requires them for control. Due to the fact that the precise salary records affect the speed and correctness of determination of the pension amount the preparation of such records is of a great importance for employees, which should be considered by the employers.
From 1 January 2008 the contribution payment for obligatory insurance is determined by the Act on Contributions.This is the new Act compared to the old Act on Contributions for Obligatory Insurance which is effective until the end of 2008. After 1 January 2009 the new Act comes into effect. The old and the new Act regulate the same issues i.e. collection of obligatory contributions based on obligatory insurance. Except its short ened name the new Act brings some but not many novelties.
Autor: Lucija TURKOVIĆ-JARŽA, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač.
Despite the announcements on reduced costs of the state budget, which should also affect the reduced costs for the presents for St. Nicholas Day and Christmas in state-owned companies and the companies in which the state is a majority owner, this does not refer to the privately owned enterprises, crafts businesses and free professions. They will probably find the way to fulfil children’s wishes at Christmas and to make them happy. This article states the fact that the income and contributions referring to such gifts are non - taxable up to the certain amount, i.e. value. In such a way the State tries to enable employers not to deny gifts to employees’ children.
Autor: Lucija TURKOVIĆ-JARŽA, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač.
The annual business plan is a part of a strategic plan which includes the business activities for a number of years or at least as a general idea on the directions of development of the company under observation. The model of the annual business plan comprises the planned business functions which are important for the realization of the planned business activities. If the company keeps the volume of its business operations, does not change its structure of activities, does not enter new markets, the business plan is simpler. However, if the company plans some substantial changes of the volume of its business operations, the changes of the structure of its business activities or conquering some new markets, the business plan must embrace all the expected changes. The article presentsan example of the annual business plan for a small and middle-sized company engaged in the food production.
Autori: Prof. dr. sc. Marijan CINGULA Igor PIHIR, dipl. inf. Kristina BRODAR, dipl. oec.
The financial inspectorate is a new supervisory body within the Ministry of Finance. It emerged from the reorganized State Inspectorate in accordance with the Act on Financial Inspectorate. The Financial Inspectorate is authorized for supervision of foreign currency transactions and the control of the domestic cash transactions, i.e. the transactions in kunas especially referring to general monitoring of possible money laundering i.e. its prevention. The establishment of the Financial Inspectorate and the new Act on Money Laundering Prevention, which becomes effective on 1 January 2009, enable the creation of the legal, technical and administrative infrastructure for monitoring, prevention and sanctioning of money laundering. The article states the reasons for establishment of the Financial Inspectorate through restructuring of the State Inspectorate, the preconditions for its operations and the authorized monitoring.
In some cases the realisation of income requires the registration of the tax pay into the Income Tax Payers Register. Upon such registration the receipts made by the tax payers are determined in accordance with the regulation referring to the specific kind of income made by a tax payer. The article deals with the tax payers who are obliged to enter the tax payers register including the issue whether such registration is to be made by the end of 2008 or at the beginning of 2009 as well as which types of income are to be reported in the register.
Tax planning is an instrument used by multinational corporations in order to use up the opportunities offered by the globalization and to overcome the obstacles set up by such globalized economy. Finally, the tax planning should result in decreased tax burden of multinational corporations. The author of this article describes some basic terms necessary to understand the international tax law and to distinguish between the process of tax planning and the terms which are often wrongly identified with it such as tax payment avoidance and tax evasion.
The author of the article reminds that the craftsmen, who are in principle income tax payers, are obliged next year to change the way of taxation from income tax toprofit tax if they have in their business operations exceeded some business indicators such as the amount of income, the book value of their long term assets, the average number of employees and the total receipts. According to the provision stated in the Art. 2. of the Profit Tax Act craftsmen may choose to pay the profit tax at the beginning of performance of their activities. Should they decide not to act in such a way they can pay the above stated tax at the beginning of the following business year i.e. tax period.
Autor: Lucija TURKOVIĆ-JARŽA, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač.
The craftsmen who have decided to pay income tax instead of profit tax can apply the so-called ‘cash principle’. From 1 January 2009 this group of tax payers will be rewarded by the unique percentage of income tax rate of 20%. Besides the above stated novelties and the new rules of the accounting procedures the new VAT regulations should be also taken into account.This article also presents the most important comments, obligations and tax consequences of transfer of ‘income-makers’ into ‘profit-makers’ and vice versa from the point of view of VAT.
Autor: Mr. sc. Ljerka MARKOTA, dipl. oec. i ovl. rač.
Agriculture as one kind of production is the basic economic branch of each country. Unfortunately it is often under estimated in Croatia due to the cheaper imported food. The production of quality food at a favourable price has become the most important task. Due to the fact that today there is an increasing demand for the organically grown food Croatia should try to find its place with such products in the world economy. Such agricultural production requires additional investments including state subsidies. The article deals with the forms of organizationsin the field of agricultural production including the ways of running an agricultural estate and the required knowledge before the startup of such an enterprise.
December is the time of the year when traditionally Christmas trees and entertainment pyrotechnical means are sold, especially during the Christmas and New Year holidays. At the end of the year the new Rulebook came into effect. It determines in more details the conditions of production, marking and sales of Christmas trees. The new Trade Act also introduces some novelties regarding the way and conditions of sales in the open including the protection of data on stocks and working hours. The author of the article deals with the above stated items and novelties regarding to their sales.
Zabrana diskriminacije radnika propisana je odredbama čl. 2. i dr. Zakona o radu (Nar. nov., br. 137/04. – proč. tekst i br. 68/05. – dalje: ZR). ZR razlikuje izravnu i neizravnu diskriminaciju čiji oblici mogu biti vrlo različiti, a često i dvojbeni u smislu je li u konkretnom slučaju riječ zaista o nekom od oblika (izravne ili neizravne) diskriminacije. U većem opsegu od zabrane diskriminacije sudska praksa obiluje odlukama vezanim za prestanak ugovora o radu, što dajemo u prilogu.
Uvod
Zabrana diskriminacije glede zapošljavanja
Ugovor o radu na određeno vrijeme – prestanak ugovora
Prestanak ugovora o radu – dostava pravomoćnog rješenja o mirovini zbog nesposobnosti za rad
Dodatnim činidbama u društvenim ugovorima članovi društva s ograničenom odgovornošću mogu se obvezati na dodatne uplate novca ili unos nenovčanih činidaba u društvo. Pritom su članovi društva ovlašteni sami utvrditi vrijeme njihova ispunjenja. U slučaju neispunjenja dodatne činidbe društvenim ugovorom može se propisati da se član društva isključi iz društva. Više o tome pročitajte u nastavku članka.
Uvod
Dodatne novčane uplate
Dodatne nenovčane činidbe
Umjesto zaključka
Autori: Prof. dr. sc. Zlatko ĆESIĆ Lovorka BLAŽEVIĆ, dipl. oec.
The non-profit organizations keep their business records and draw up financial reports according to the specific regulations. They keep the ledger, the diary and analytical records in which they enter their business transactions.This article presents the example of book - keepingof the income of the future period which refers to the income from membership fees that are included in the group on nonreciprocal income.
Autor: Mr. sc. Nada DREMEL, dipl. oec., ovl. rač. i ovl. rev.
